Appendix II: Optics

Common Lens Legend
My guess is that you're seeing lenses and going "what are all these funky looking operators? 😱" In short, they're getters and setters that let you work on nested data, enums, Maybes, and so on. They compose nicely, so you can all kinds of mutable-feeling updates in a totally controlled way.
The good news is that once you know the lens library, it's used in a TON of places, so it's not wasted effort. You can really get by with knowing a handful of them, and following the patterns.
The idea is that you're zooming into a data structure. You can grab values out, or edit them. Then you zoom back out and the outer structures have also been updated to reflect point at the inner changes.
Getters ^
. go deeper / compose (normal composition operator)
^. get / lookup
^? get nullable field (see Nullable below)
Setters ~
& mutate with / and also (it's the normal pipe / reverse application operator)
.~ set / replace
?~ set a nullable field (see Nullable below)
%~ update with a function (run function on current value and set it to that)
+~ add to the current value (e.g. counter)
-~ subtract from current value
*~ multiple current value by
Nullable ?
^? get inside a Maybe (i.e. stop lensing if it's a Nothing)
?~ set a nullable field (i.e. .~ Just newValue)
These read nicely, and let you make deeply nested updates either with composition (.) or with a named lens that is a composition of others.
Why not use record-update syntax?
You totally can! Doing this manually, you end up having to update each nested record recursively, including the updated sub-records as you go. For example:
data Person = Person
  { _name    :: Text
  , _address :: Address
  , _pet     :: Pet
  }
​
data Pet = Pet
  { _name         :: Text
  , _variety      :: Animal
  , _favouriteToy :: Toy
  }
​
data Animal = Dog | Cat | Fish
​
data Toy = Toy 
  { _ name     :: Text
  , _condition :: Condition
  }
​
data Condition = New | Good | Fair | Bad
Let's define an owner :: Person:
owner = Person
  { _name    = "Alice"
  , _address = "123 Fake Street"
  , _pet     = Pet 
      { _name         = "Fluffy"
      , _variety      = Cat
      , _favouriteToy = Toy 
          { _name      = "wind-up mouse"
          , _condition = New 
          }
      }
  }
Manually updating deeply nested records is a bit ugly
wearAndTear :: Person
wearAndTear = owner { _pet = myPet { _favouriteToy = myToy { _condition = Fair } } }
  where
    Person { _pet = myPet@(Pet { _favouriteToy = myToy })} = owner
Lenses read better
wearAndTear :: Person
wearAndTear = owner & pet . favouriteToy . condition .~ Fair
Let's break that down 🕺
--                Pipe                            Replace
--                  |                                |
--                  v                                v
wearAndTear = owner & pet . favouriteToy . condition .~ Fair
--              ^       ^         ^           ^          ^
--              |       |         |           |          |
--              |       +---------+-----------+     Replace with
--         Initial Value          |
--                           Nested path
--                    (like in OO dot-notation)
--                 owner.pet.favouriteToy.condition
These can also be turned into helper functions, chained together, and so on
playWithPet :: Person -> Person
playWithPet = pet . favouriteToy . condition .~ Fair
​
-- Use
​
playWithPet owner
​
-- Oh no! Fluffy ran away 😭 Let's play with our new cat: Mittens!
​
owner & pet.name.~"Mittens" 
      & playWithPet
​
-- And exciting! We moved, and got a dog to play with
​
owner & address      .~ "1066 West Hastings Street"
      & pet.variety  .~ Dog
      & pet.name     .~ "Lassie"
      & pet.toy.name .~ "Tennis ball" 
      & playWithPet
We can also automate some behaviour while we're at it:
playWithPet' :: Person -> Person
playWithPet' = pet . favouriteToy . condition %~ wearDown
​
wearDown :: Condition -> Condition
wearDown New  = Good
wearDown Good = Fair
wearDown Fair = Bad
wearDown Bad  = Bad
​
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Last updated 5 months ago
Appendix II: Optics

Getters `^`

Setters `~`

Nullable `?`

Why not use record-update syntax?
